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The F.I.D.E. Rules Of Chess =========================== Article 1: The Chessboard ---------------------------- The game of chess is played between two opponents by moving pieces on a square board called a "chessboard". 1.1 The chessboard is composed of 64 equal squares, alternately light (the "white" squares) and dark (the "black" squares). 1.2 The chessboard is placed between the players in such a way that the near corner to the right of each player is white. 1.3 The eight vertical rows of squares are called "files". 1.4 The eight horizontal rows of squares are called "ranks". 1.5 The lines of squares of the same colour, touching corner to corner, are called "diagonals". Article 2: The Pieces ------------------------ 2.1 At the beginning of the game, one player has 16 light-coloured pieces (the "white" pieces), the other has 16 dark-coloured pieces (the "black" pieces. 2.2 These pieces are as follows: One white King (K); One black King (k); One white Queen (Q); One black Queen (q); Two white Rooks (R); Two black Rooks (r); Two white Knight (N); Two black Knights (n); Two white Bishops (B); Two black Bishops (b); Eight white Pawns (P); Eight black pawns (p). 2.3 The initial position of the pieces on the chessboard is as follows: White: Ra1, Nb1, Bc1, Qd1, Ke1, Bf1, Ng1, Rh1, Pawns on a2, b2, c2, d2, e2, f2, g2 and h2; Black: ra8, nb8, (b)c8, qd8, ke8, (b)f8, ng8, rh8, pawns on a7, b7, c7, d7, e7, f7, g7 and h7. Article 3: The Right To Move ------------------------------- 3.1 The player with the white pieces commences the game. The players alternate in making one move at a time until the game is completed. 3.2 A player is said to "have the move" when his opponent's move has been completed. Article 4: The General Definition Of The Move ------------------------------------------------ 4.1 With the exception of castling (Article 5.1(b)), a move is the transfer of a piece from one square to another square, which is either vacant or occupied by an opponent's piece. [A capture is, therefore, merely a certain type of move.] 4.2 No piece, except the rook when castling (Article 5.1(b)) and the knight (Article 5.5), may cross a square occupied by another piece. 4.3 A piece played to a square occupied by an opponent's piece captures it as part of the same move. The captured piece must be removed immediately from the chessboard by the player making the capture (see Article 5.6(c) for capturing "en passant"). Article 5: The Moves Of The Pieces ------------------------------------- 5.1 The King: (a) Except when castling, the king moves to any adjoining square that is not attacked by an opponent's piece. (b) Castling is a move of the king and either rook, counting as a single move of the king and executed as follows: the king is transferred from its original square two squares toward either rook on the same rank; then that rook is transferred over the king to the square the king has just crossed. (c) If a player touches a rook and then his king, he may not castle with that rook and the situation will by governed by Articles 7.2 and 7.3 [Touched Piece rules]. (d) If a player, intending to castle, touches the king first, or king and rook at the same time, and it then appears that castling is illegal, the player may choose either to move his king or to castle on the other side, provided that castling on that side is legal. If the king has no legal move, the player is free to make any legal move. (e) Castling is [permanently] illegal: (i) if the king has already been moved; or (ii) with a rook that has already been moved. (f) Castling is prevented for the time being: (i) if the king's original square, or the square which the king must pass over, or that which it is to occupy, is attacked by an opponent's piece; or (ii) if there is any piece between the king and the rook with which castling is to be effected. [i.e. castling may still be legal even if the rook is attacked or, when castling queenside, passes over an attacked square]. 5.2 The Queen. The queen moves to any square (except as limited by Article 4.2) [No leapfrogging] on the file, rank, or diagonals on which it stands. 5.3 The Rook. The rook moves to any square (except as limited by Article 4.2) on the file or rank on which it stands. 5.4 The Bishop. The bishop moves to any square (except as limited by Article 4.2) on the diagonals on which it stands. 5.5 The Knight. The knight's move is composed of two different steps; first, it makes one step of one single square along its rank or file, and then, still moving away from the square of departure, one step of one single square on a diagonal. It does not matter if the square of the first step is occupied. 5.6 The Pawn. (a) The pawn may move only forward [except as limited by Article 4.2]. (b) Except when making a capture, it advances from its original square either one or two vacant squares along the file on which it is placed, and on subsequent moves it advances one vacant square along the file. When capturing, it advances one square along either of the diagonals on which it stands. (c) A pawn, attacking a square crossed by an opponent's pawn which has [just] been advanced two squares in one move from its original square, may capture this opponent's pawn as though the latter had been moved only one square. This capture may only be made in [immediate] reply to such an advance, and is called an "en passant" capture. (d) On reaching the last rank, a pawn must immediately be exchanged, as part of the same move, for [either] a queen, a rook, a bishop, or a knight, of the same colour as the pawn, at the player's choice and without taking into account the other pieces still remaining on the chessboard. This exchange of a pawn for another piece is called "promotion", and the effect of the promoted piece is immediate [and permanent!]. (e) In a competition, if a new piece required for the promotion is not immediately available, the player may stop his clock to ask for the assistance of the arbiter. If no request is made and the player makes his move and stops his clock without exchanging the promoted pawn for a new piece [even if the player writes his intended promotion as, for example, "e7-e8=Q" on his scoresheet], he must be given a warning or a disciplinary penalty, such as the advancement of the time on his clock. In any case, the opponent's clock must be set back to the time it registered immediately before the player stopped his clock, the position on the chessboard must be re-established to what it was immediately before the player moved his pawn, and the clock of the player having the move [who is about to promote] must be started. The player must then make his move correctly, in the manner specified in Article 5.6(d). Article 6: The Completion Of The Move ---------------------------------------- A move is completed: 6.1 in the case of the transfer of a piece to a vacant square, when the player's hand has released the piece; 6.2 in the case of a capture, when the captured piece has been removed from the chessboard and the player, having placed his own piece on its new square, has released this [capturing] piece from his hand; 6.3 in the case of castling, when the player's hand has released the rook on the square [previously] crossed by the king. When the player has released the king from his hand, the move is not yet completed, but the player no longer has the right to make any move other than castling on that side, if this is legal; 6.4 in the case of the promotion of a pawn, when the pawn has been removed from the chessboard and the player's hand has released the new piece after placing it on the promotion square. If the player has released from his hand the pawn that has reached the promotion square, the move is not yet completed, but the player no longer has the right to play the pawn to another square. 6.5 When determining whether the prescribed number of moves has been made in the allotted time, the last move is not considered complete until after the player has stopped his clock. This applies to all situations except those governed by Articles 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.7. [i.e. when the move has been completed in the sense of Articles 6.1-6.4, and the game ends immediately after the move in question, for example, by checkmate. This Law was introduced to prevent the situation where a player returns to the board to claim a win on time, possibly an hour after being checkmated!]. Article 7: The Touched Piece -------------------------------------- 7.1 Provided that he first expresses his intention (e.g. by saying "j'adoube"), the player having the move may adjust one or more pieces on their squares. [If a player's opponent is absent from the chessboard, it is best to inform one of his team-mates, or some other witness.] 7.2 Except for the above case, if the player having the move deliberately touches: (a) one or more pieces of the same colour, he must move or capture the first piece he touched that can be moved or captured; or (b) one of his own pieces and one of his opponent's pieces, he must capture his opponent's piece with his own piece; or, if this is illegal, move or capture the first piece he touched that can be moved or captured. 7.3 If none of the touched pieces has a legal move (or if none of the opponent's pieces which were touched can be captured legally), the player is free to make any legal move. 7.4 If a player wishes to claim that his opponent has violated Article 7.2, he must do so before he himself touches a piece. [Note that the clause ``deliberately touches" protects a player from having to move a piece accidentally touched by his elbow/wrist etc] Article 8: Illegal Positions ------------------------------- 8.1 If, during a game, it is found that an illegal move was made, the position shall be reinstated to what it was before the illegal move was made. The game shall then continue by applying the rules of Article 7 to the move replacing the illegal move. If the position cannot be reinstated, the game shall be annulled and a new game played. This applies to all sessions of play, and to a game awaiting a decision by adjudication. [Note that this discovery of an illegal move must be made while the game is still in progress, before resignation or the agreement of a draw. The only exception can be if the illegal move itself would normally end the game: anyone trying the trick 1. e2-e4 e7-e5; 2. Bf1-c4 Ng8-f6; 3. Qd1xf7 "mate" may be penalysed under Article 10.15! Note that the act of playing an illegal move, at ANY stage of the game, does not IN ITSELF forfeit the game.] 8.2 If, during a game, one or more pieces have been accidentally displaced and incorrectly replaced, the position before the displacement occurred shall be reinstated, and the game shall continue. If the position cannot be reinstated, the game shall be annulled and a new game played. 8.3 If a player moves and in the course of this inadvertently knocks over a piece, or several pieces, he must not stop his clock until the position has been re-established. [An opponent confronted by this situation is justified in restarting the clock of the first player.] 8.4 If, after an adjournment, the position is incorrectly set up, the position as it was on adjournment must be set up again and the game continued. 8.5 If, during a game, it is found that the initial position of the pieces was incorrect, the game shall be annulled and a new game played. 8.6 If, during a game, it is found that the board has been placed contrary to Article 1.2, the position reached should be transferred to a correctly-placed board, and the game continued. 8.7 If a game has begun with colours incorrectly reversed, then it shall continue if more than one quarter of the time allocated to the first time control has elapsed. Earlier, the arbiter can arrange for a new game to start with the correct colours, if the event's timetable is not excessively disrupted. [In the situations covered by Articles 8.5-8.7, an arbiter, spectator or player shall be justified in pointing out the error he has noticed. In Article 8.7, the implicit assumption is that the relative positions of the pieces with respect to one another were correct]. Article 9: Check ------------------- 9.1 The king is in "check" when the square it occupies is attacked by one or two of the opponent's pieces; in this case, the latter is/are said to be "checking" the king. 9.2 Check must be parried by the move immediately following. If the check cannot be parried, the king is said to be "checkmated" (or "mated"). 9.3 Declaring a check is not obligatory. [Merely polite! A player who plays a move, illegal by Article 9.2, does not as a direct result lose the game (Article 8.1).] Article 10: The Completed Game --------------------------------- 10.1 The game is won by the player who has checkmated his opponent's king. This immediately ends the game. 10.2 The game is won by the player whose opponent declares he resigns. This immediately ends the game. 10.3 The game is drawn when the king of the player who has the move is not in check, and this player cannot make any legal move. The player's king is then said to be "stalemated". This immediately ends the game. [If the stalemating move was actually legal!]. 10.4 The game is drawn upon agreement by the two players. This immediately ends the game. 10.5 The game is drawn, upon a claim by the player having the move, when the same position, for the third time: (a) is about to appear, if he first declares to the arbiter his intention of making this move, and writes this move on his scoresheet; or (b) has just appeared, the same player having the move each time. The position is considered the same if pieces of the same kind and colour occupy the same squares, and if all the possible moves of all the pieces are the same, including the rights to castle [at some future time] or to capture a pawn "en passant". 10.6 If a player executes a move without having claimed a draw for one of the reasons stated in Article 10.5, he loses the right to claim a draw. This right is restored to him, however, if the same position later appears again, the same player having the move. 10.7 The game is drawn when one of the following endings arises: (a) king against king; (b) king against king with only bishop or knight; (c) king and bishop against king and bishop, with both bishops on diagonals of the same colour. A player having a bare king cannot win the game. A draw shall be declared if the opponent of a player with a bare king oversteps the time limit or has sealed an illegal move. 10.8 The game is drawn when a player having the move claims a draw and demonstrates that at least the last 50 consecutive moves have been made by each side without the capture of any piece and without the movement of any pawn. This number of 50 moves can be increased for certain positions, provided that this increase in number and these positions have been clearly established in the Laws of Chess (see Article 10.9). 10.9 The number of 50 moves mentioned in article 10.8 will be extended to 75 moves for the following positions: (a) king, rook and bishop against king and rook; (b) king and two knights against king and pawn; (c) king, queen and pawn one square away from promotion against king and queen; (d) king and queen against king and two knights; (e) king and queen against king and two bishops; (f) king and two bishops against king and knight. [The claim then proceeds according to 10.11. Cases (c) and (f) have recently been proved won for the stronger material force by exhaustive computer analysis. The others have been known to be forced wins, of possibly more than 50 moves duration, for substantially longer. The most extreme case known is king, rook and bishop aagainst king and two knights, which can run for 223 moves between captures! N.B. This rule has been deleted, with effect from 01/01/1992.]. 10.10 A proposal of a draw under the provisions of Article 10.4 may be made by a player only at the moment when he has just moved a piece. On then proposing a draw, he starts the clock of his opponent. (a) If a player proposes a draw while his opponent's clock is running, the opponent may still agree to the draw or reject the offer. A player who offers a draw in this manner, however, should be warned by the arbiter (see Article 15.1(d) [Cheating]). (b) If a player proposes a draw while his own clock is running, his opponent may accept or reject the offer, or he may postpone his decision until after he has seen the first player's move. In the case where the move is a sealed move, the decision may wait until after the sealed move envelope has been opened and the move played on the board. In all these situations, the player may accept the proposal, or reject it either orally or by completing a move at his first opportunity. In the interval between the offer of a draw and the opponent's response, the player who made the proposal cannot withdraw it. [The gamesmanship question ``Are you playing for a win?" can be considered as an offer of a draw]. 10.11 If a player claims a draw under the provisions of Articles 10.5 and/or 10.8 [Repetition of position or 50 moves] , the arbiter must first stop the clocks while the claim is being investigated. In the absence of the arbiter, a player may stop both clocks to seek the arbiter's assistance. (a) If the claim is found to be correct, the game is drawn. (b) If the claim is found to be incorrect, the arbiter shall then add five minutes to the claimant's used time. If this means that the claimant has now overstepped the time limit, his game will be declared lost. Otherwise, the game will be continued, and a player who has indicated a move according to Article 10.5(a) is then obliged to execute this move on the chessboard. (c) A player who has made a claim under this article cannot withdraw the claim. 10.12 The game is lost by a player who has not completed the prescribed number of moves in the allotted time, unless his opponent has only the king remaining, in which case the game is drawn. [Situations when Articles 10.1-10.4 or 10.7 apply are also exceptions.] 10.13 The game is lost by a player who arrives at the chessboard more than one hour late, for the beginning of the game or for the resumption of an adjourned game. The time of delay is counted from the scheduled start of the playing session. However, in the case of an adjourned game, if the player who made the sealed move is the late player, the game is decided otherwise if: (a) the absent player has won the game by virtue of the fact that the sealed move is checkmate; or (b) the absent player has produced a drawn game by virtue of the fact that the sealed move is stalemate, or if one of the positions in Article 10.7 has arisen as a consequence of the sealed move; or (c) the player present at the chessboard has lost the game according to Article 10.12 by exceeding his time limit. 10.14 The game is lost by a player who has sealed a move, the real significance of which is impossible to establish, or who has sealed an illegal move. 10.1 The game is lost by a player who, during the game, refuses to comply with the Laws. If both players refuse to comply with the Laws, or if both players arrive at the chessboard more than one hour late, the game shall be declared lost by both players.